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Mechanism of Synergism Between Metribuzin and MZH 2091 on Ivyleaf Morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea)
- Eva E. Klamroth, Carl Fedtke, Walter C. Kühbauch
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 37 / Issue 4 / July 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 517-520
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Experiments were conducted in order to establish the mechanism by which the synergist MZH 2091 increases metribuzin activity on ivyleaf morningglory. Herbicide absorption and metabolism were compared for plants treated either with 14C-metribuzin alone or with 14C-metribuzin plus nonlabeled MZH 2091. The compounds were applied via the roots for 3 h and the absorption was determined. After the pulse treatment, the plants were grown for additional 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 21, 45, or 69 h in water, and the metribuzin metabolism was studied in the cotyledons. The synergist did not interfere with herbicide uptake but did strongly inhibit metribuzin metabolism. The pathway of metribuzin metabolism in ivyleaf morningglory is discussed as well as the way it is affected by the synergist MZH 2091.
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. 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Dual Leadership and the 1956 Credit Reforms of the People's Bank of China*
- Carl E. Walter
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- 17 February 2009, pp. 277-290
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In 1979 when debate over economic reform gained momentum, the future role of China's banking system became a major topic. Having fallen into obscurity during its merger of 1970–77 with the Ministry of Finance, the newly independent People's Bank of China became an aggressive advocate of reform. With its aim directed at the Ministry of Finance as well as local party “barons,” the bank's advocates called for an end to the Sovietinspired “Big Budget, Small Bank” financial system and to local Party interference in the bank's operations. Under this system, of which the 1956 credit reforms were a crucial part, the People's Bank had two principal functions. First, by carefully auditing the financial operations of all state enterprises, the bank was to ensure their adherence to the state plan. Bank credit was meant to compel enterprise management adherence to the state plans. The second function was a quantitative control of the nation's money supply. Bank supervision of enterprise finances was meant to be one way to this objective. But from its first efforts in 1955 to implement such micro-financial controls over the economy, the People's Bank encountered strong opposition from enterprise management, local bureaus of finance, the Ministry of Finance, and the Party apparatus. As a result, its supervisory function began to atrophy, leaving the bank to pursue control over the money supply. This it did primarily through reliance on its savings operations which, in contrast to enterprise supervision, enjoyed the strong support of the Party apparatus. By the height of the Cultural Revolution Party leftists saw the bank as a perfect object for bureaucratic “simplification.” Aside from its savings operations, its credit and even financial planning functions had become vestigal. Consequently, in 1970 the headquarters of the bank was dissolved and local bank branches merged with the budgetary system.
Facilities Offered for Research on Contemporary China by the National Library of Beijing
- Carl E. Walter
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- Journal:
- The China Quarterly / Volume 85 / March 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 February 2009, pp. 138-147
- Print publication:
- March 1981
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The National Library of Beijing is the largest library in China currently open to foreigners. During 1979 and 1980 I used this library while carrying out research on the People's Bank of China and its role in industrial enterprise decision-making. Consequently, this report, in so far as it deals with the materials available, will focus only on those which are broadly related to the field of economics. It.is not, therefore, an account of all the Library's holdings, just a small part of them.